Pediatric Oncology and Cancer Care

Pediatric Brain Tumors

Pediatric brain tumors represent the second most common type of childhood cancer after leukemia and are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. These tumors can arise in various regions of the brain and central nervous system, each presenting distinct clinical challenges based on their location, histological characteristics, and growth patterns. Common types include medulloblastoma, ependymoma, astrocytoma, and brainstem gliomas, among others. Symptoms may vary widely but typically include persistent headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance issues, visual disturbances, and changes in behavior or school performance. The diagnosis involves detailed neurological examination, imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans, and often surgical biopsy to determine the tumor type. Treatment strategies are multifaceted and depend on tumor type, size, grade, and location. They may involve surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, with the goal of maximal tumor removal while preserving neurological function. While surgical advances have improved the safety and precision of tumor resection, certain brain regions remain inoperable due to their critical functions. Radiation therapy must be carefully managed in younger children due to the risk of long-term developmental and cognitive effects. Recent progress in molecular genetics and tumor profiling has paved the way for more targeted treatments, reducing the reliance on traditional cytotoxic therapies. Techniques such as proton beam therapy, which minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissue, are increasingly being used in specialized centers. Despite therapeutic advancements, many survivors of pediatric brain tumors face long-term health challenges, including neurocognitive deficits, endocrine disorders, hearing loss, and psychological issues. Comprehensive rehabilitation and survivorship care are essential components of post-treatment planning, focusing on academic reintegration, social development, and quality of life. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring immunotherapy, gene therapy, and novel drug delivery methods to improve outcomes while reducing toxicity. Global disparities in access to diagnostic and treatment resources remain a significant concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Collaborative efforts involving clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and patient advocacy groups are vital to advancing treatment standards, increasing early detection, and supporting the holistic needs of children and families navigating the journey of pediatric brain tumors.